Binomial Theorem Tutorial

Binomial expression:  An algebraic expression consisting of two terms with a positive or negative sign between them is called a binomial expression.

 Example: (a+b), ( P / x2)  – (Q / x4) etc.

 Binomial Theorem: When a binomial expression is raised to a power ‘n’ we would like to be able to expand it. The binomial theorem assists us in doing this. It converts such an expression into a series.

 Binomial Theorem for positive integral index:

 (x+y)n = xn + nC1xn-1y+nC2xn-2y2+-----+nCrxn-ryr+ -------+---------+nCn-1xyn-1   + ncnyn.

It can be represented as:

(x+y)n = nCrxn-ryr

Particular – Cases :

 (i)      Replacing ‘y’ by ‘-y’, we have :

(x-y)n = nCoxyo-nC1xn-1y+nC2xn-2y2-------+(-1)r nCrxn-ryr+------+(-1)n nCnxoyn.

 It can be represented as :

(x+y)n = (-1)r nCrxn-ryr

 (ii)      Replacing ‘x’ by ‘1’ and ‘y’ by ‘x’, we have :

(1+x)n = nCoxo+nC1x+nC2x2+---------+nCrxr+------+nCn-1xn-1+nCnxn.

                       

or        = nCrxr

 (ii)      Replacing ‘x’ by ‘-x’, we have :

(1+x)n = nCoxo-nC1x1+nC2x2 - ---------+(-1)r nCrxr+------+nCn-1(-1) n-1              +(-1)n     nCnxn.

 or     = (-1)rnCrxr

Properties of Binomial – Expansion (x+y)n :

(i)        There are (n+1) terms in the expansion.

(ii)        In each term, sum of the indices of ‘x’ and ‘y’ is equal to ‘n’.

(iii)        In any term, the lower suffix of ‘c’ is equal to the index of ‘y’, and the index of x = n-(lower suffix of c).

(iv)             Because  nCr = nCn-r,

    so we have :

nCo = nCn

nC1=nCn-1

nC2=nCn-2 etc.

It follows that the coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and the ends are equal.

 EXAMPLES

 (1)     Simplify (x+v(x2-1)) + (x- v(x2-1))6

 Solution: let vx2-1   = a, so we have:

           (x=a)6 + (x-a)6

 = [x6+6C1x5.a+6C2.x4.a2 + 6C3x3a3 + 6C4x2a4 + 6C5xa5 +6C6a6]

 + [x6-6C1x5a+6C2.x4.a26C3x3a3 + 6C4x2a46C5xa5 +6C6a6]

= 2[x6+6C2x4a2+6C4x2a4+6C6a6]

= 2[x6+15x4(x2-1)+15x2(x2-1)2+(x2-1)3]

= 2[x6+15x6-15x4+15x6+15x2-30x4+x6-1-3x4+3x3]

= 2[32x6-48x4+18x2-1]

Q2:      In the expansion of (x+a)n, if the sum of odd-terms be ‘P’ and sum of even be ‘Q’ Prove that:

(i)      P2-Q2 = (x2-a2)n

(ii)      4PQ = (x+a)2n – (x-a)2n

Sol.:    (x+a)n = xn+nC1xn-1a + nC2xn-2a2+nC3xn-3a3 + ------- + nCnan

                        = (xn+nC2xn-2a2 + ---------) + (nC1xn-1a+nC3xn-3a3+ ------)

            (x+a)n = P+Q ------------------------> (1)

and (x-a)n       = xn -  nC1xn-1a+nC2xn-2a2-nC3xn-3a3 + ----+ (-1)n nCnan

                        = (xn+nC2xn-2a2 + ----) – (nC1xn-1a+nC3xn-3a3+------)

            (x-a)n = P – Q ----------------> (2)

Now we have :

(1)  P2 – Q2    = (P+Q) (P-Q)

                        = (x+a)n (x-a)n

= P2 – Q2 = (x2-a2)n

(2) 4 PQ         = (P+Q)2 – (P-Q)2

= 4 PQ = (x+a)2n – (x-a)2n

           

Q4.      Prove that (101)50 > (100)50 + (99)50

Sol.:    (101)50            = (100+1)50

                                    = (100)50 + 50c1(100)49 + 50c2(100)48 + -------+1 ------> (i)

            (99)50              = (100-1)50

                                    = (100)5050c1(100)49 + 50c2(100)48 - --------+1 ------>(ii)

eq(i) – eq(ii) :

(101)50 – (99)50          = 2[50C1(100)49 + 50C3(100)47 + --------]

                                    = 2 x   ( 50!/ 1! X 49!)   (100)49 + 2. 50C3 (100)47 + -------

                    

                                    = 100 x (100)49 + (A positive number)

                                    = (100)50 + (A positive number)

(101)50 – (99)50 > (100)50

or (101)50 > (101)50 + (99)50

General Terms : (r +1) th term from beginning in

      (x+y)n is called general – term, and

it is denoted by

                        Tr+1 = nCrxn-ryr

Explanation: We know

(x-y)n = nCoxnyo+nC1xn-1y1+nC2xn-2y2+----+nCnxoyo

Here:

First term        T1 = nCoxnyo

                        T2 = nC1xn-1y1

                        T3 = nC2xn-2y2

                        ------------------------

                        ------------------------

                        ------------------------

                        Tr = nCr-1 xn-(r-1) yr-1

Putting r = r+1 in this expression, we get:

General Term:  Tr+1 = nCr xn-r yr

Note : ‘Tr’ can be used as general terms also.

Problem based on General Terms

Type : 1_ Q4 Find the 7th term in the expansion of

[4x – (1 / 2vx)]13

Sol : T7         = T6+1 =   13C6(4x)13-6     - (1/2vx) 6

                             =   13C6.47x7.     1 /(26.x3)

                              =   13C6. 28.x4

                              =    13!/ (6!x7!)     . 28. x4

=    T7 = 439296x4                 

Type II :           Find the coefficient of x-7 in the expansion of      (ax –    1/ bx2)   11                                                                                                   

Sol.:  General Term , Tr+111Cr(ax)11-r        -   (1/ bx2  ) r                                       

Tr+1   = (-1)r 11Cr. (a11-r / br)  x11-3r      --------------> (i)                                               

Putting 11 – 3r = -7

Or 3r = 18

  r = 6

From (i) to      T7 = (-1)6 11C6. ( a5 / b6)  x-7  --------------> (i)

Hence, the coefficient of x-7 in  ax- (1 / b x2) 11 is 11C6a5b-6             

Type III :          Find the term independent of ‘x’ in    [(3 x2 / 2) –  (1/ 3x) ] 9

Sol.: General Term, Tr+1        = 9Cr  (3 x2 / 2) 9-r – (1/3x)   r

= (-1)r 9Cr ( 3/2) 9-r x18-2r       (1 / 3r. xr  )                                                         

  Tr+1      = (-1)r9 C(39-2r / 29-r). x18-3r -------> (i)                                

Putting 18- 3 r = o

r  =  6

So, from (i), 7th term is independent of ‘x’, and its value is:

T7 = (-1)6 . 9C6.   (3-3 / 23) xo

=          9 ! /(6! X 3!)  .   1/ (33 x 23)     

=          T7 =   (7/18)

Pth term from end:

‘P’th term from end in the expansion of (x+y)n is (n-P+2)th term from beginning.

Ex.: Find the 4th term from the end in the expansion of  [ (x3/2)  -  (2/x2) ] 7

 Sol.:    4th term from end = (7-4+2)th or 5th term from beginning.

T5        = T4+1 = 7C4  (x3/2)7-4 . (-2/x4) 4

  = 7C4  (x3 /2) 3      ( -2/ x2) 4

  =    7! / (4! X 3!) .  (x9/8) . (16/ x8)

  =  (7.6.5 / 3.2.1)    .2x

 T5    = 70x

Hence ‘4’ term, from the end = 70x.

Middle Terms: It depends upon the value of ‘n’.

Case -1 : When ‘n’ is even, then total number of terms in (x+y)n is odd. So there is only one middle term i.e. [(n/2) + 1]  th them is the middle term.              

So we find  (Tn+1/2).  th term in this case, if ‘n’ is even.

Case II : When ‘n’ is odd, then total number of terms in (x+y)n is even. So there are two middle terms i.e. (n+1) /2 th and  (n+3) /2 th are true middle terms.

so we find T(n+1)/2  th and T(n+3)/2  th in this case if ‘n’ is odd.

      

Ex.: Find the middle – term in the expansion of [ 3x –  (x3 / 6)]9

Sol.: Here total no. of terms are 10 (even). So there are true middle-terms

i.e  (9+1) / 2 th and  (9+3) / 2 th. So we have to find – out ‘T5’ and ‘T6’.

T5        =  T4+1  = 9C4(3x)9-4  (-x3 / 6) 4

  =    9! / (4! X 5!)         .35 x( x12 / 64)

 = (9.8.7.6 / 4.3.2.1)      35 / (24 x 34)  x17

T5       =   (189 / 8)    x17

T6        =  T5+1  = 9C5(3x)9-5  (-x3 / 6) 5

 =    9! / (5! X 4!)         .34 x4     (x15 / 65)

= -(9.8.7.6 / 4.3.2.1)     34(25 x 35)  x19

T6      = - ( 21 / 16) x19

Greatest – term in (1+x)n : If ‘Tr’ and ‘Tr+1’ be the ‘r’ th and (r+1)th terms in the

Expansion of (1+x)n, then :

Tr+1                  = nCr(1)n-r xr = nCr xr

                        And Tr             = nCr-1. xr-1

So:   Tr+1 / Tr   = (nCr  xr / nCr-1 xr-1)    = (n-r+1)/r  |x|

If ‘Tr+1 be the greatest term, then Tr+1 Tr

Or  Tr+1 / Tr    1

      

since (n-r+1) / r.  |x|   >=1,  where ‘r’ is a ‘+’ ve integer.

This inequality, changes either to the form r<=m+f pr r <= m, where ‘m’ is a ‘+’ ve integer and ‘f’ is a fraction. So we get:

r <= m + f --------------->    (i)

or       r <=  m ------------------>     (ii)

In case (i), ‘T’m+1 is the greatest term, and in case (i) ‘T’m and ‘T’m+1 are the greatest terms, and both are equal.

Short-cut: First calculate   m   =     | x (n+1) / (x + 1) |

                                               

Case (1) If ‘m’ is an integer, then ‘T’m and ‘T’m+1 are the greatest terms and both are equal.

Case (2)  If ‘m’ is not an integer, then T[m]+1 will be the greatest term, where [.] denotes greatest integer function.

Ex.:      Find numerically the greatest term in the expansion of (2+3x),

when x = (3 / 2)

                       

Sol.: 1 Method :         (2+3x)9  = 29 [1+ 3x / 2]  9

                                                           

In the expansion of  [(1 + 3x) / 2] 9, we have :                                   

Tr+1 / Tr   =        (9-r+1)/ r    |3x / 2|

  = ((10 – r)/r)    | (3/2) x(3/2) |  3                     

 =  (10 – r) / r   x    9 / 4

Tr+1 / Tr       =   (90- 9r) / 4r

Putting         Tr+1 / Tr   >=  1

(90-9r) / 4r  >=  1

  or    90 >=  13 r

 or   r     90 / 13  

or    r   <=   6    +    12 / 13

T6+1  or ‘T7’ is the greatest term.

‘T7’  in   [1    +   (3x / 2)] 9

T7    =    T6+1    =   9C6  (3x / 6) 6

 =     9! / (3! X 6!) .[ (3 / 2)    x   (3 / 2)] 6

= (9 .8.7 / 3.2.1)    x   (96 / 46)

=  (3  x  7 x 96) / 45      =   (3 x 7 x 312) / 210

=  7.   (313 / 210)

So greatest term in (2+ 3x)9  is :

=  29.  7.  (313 / 210)

=   (7 x 313) / 2

                                   

II- Method :   (2+3x)9   =    29 [(1 + 3x) / 2]    9

=   29 [1 + 9 / 4]  9

since x  =  3 / 2

Here  m   = | x (n + 1) / (x + 1)|   =   | 9/4 (9+1) / 9/4 + 1|

  =   90 / 13  

So greatest term in the expansion is T[m]+1  =  T3+1  =  T7

Now the method is same as in method (1)

Greatest Coefficient : In any binomial expansion middle-term has the greatest.

Coefficient. So

(i)       If ‘n’ is even, then greatest – coefficient  =  nCn/2

(ii)       If ‘n’ is odd, then greatest – coefficients are nC(n+1)/ 2  and  n(n-1)/2

     

Properties of Binomial coefficients :

(1) The sum of binomial coefficient in (1 + x)n  is 2n.

Proof (1 + x)n   =  Co+C1x+C2x2 + ----- +  Cnxn----------->  (i)

Putting x  =  1  :

2n  =  Co + C1 + C2 + ----------- + Cn            -----------> (ii)

Ex.: Prove that the sum of the coefficients in the expression (1+x – 3x2)2163

is  ‘-1’.

Sol.:  Putting x = 1  in (1 + x – 3x2)2163

Some of the coefficients      =  (1 + 1 – 3)2163

                                                =  (-1)2163   =   -1

(2)  The sum of the coefficients of the odd-terms in (1+x)n is equal to the sum of coefficients of the even terms and each is equal to 2n-1.

Proof: Putting x = -1, in eg(1) :

O  = Co – C1 + C2 – C3 + ------ + (-1)nCn

and  from (ii):  2n  =  Co + C1 + C2 + --------- + Cn

Adding these egn:

2n = 2 ( Co + C2 + C4 + ---------------)

or  Co + C2 + C4 + ------- = 2n-1              ------------> (ii)

Subtracting these egn:

2n = 2 (C1 + C3 + C5 + --------------)

or  C1 + C3 + C5 + ------- = 2n-1               ------------>  (iv) 

From (iii) and (iv) :

C0 + C2 + C4 + ------- = C1 + C3 + C5 + -------  =  2n-1

Ex.: Evaluate the sum of the 8C1 + 8C3 + 8C5 + 8C7

Sol.: since nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + nC7 + -------- =  2n-1

Here n = 8

8C1 + 8C3 + 8C5 + 8C7 = (28-1)

=  27

= 128

( 8C9, 8C11 etc. are not possible)

Some important results:

(i)        In the expansion of (1+x)n, coefficient of xr = nCr

(ii)       In the expansion of (1-x)n, coefficient of xr = (-1)r. nCr

(iii)       If ‘n’ is a negative integer or fraction, then

(1+x)n  =  1  + (n / 1!) x  +  [ n (n-1)/ 2!] x2  +  [n(n-1)(n-2) / 3!] x3 + -------------

+ [n(n-1)(n-2) -----------(n-r+1) / r!]xr + --------------

Here | x | <1, i.e. – 1<x<1 is necessary for its validity.

(iv)              In (1+x)n, general – term Tr+1 = [n(n-1)(n-2) -------------(n-r+1) / r!]. x2

(v)                nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr

(vi)              nCx = nCy x = y or x + y = n

(vii)            nCr = n/ r.  n-1Cr-1

     

Multinomial theorem : (For a ‘+’ve integral index):

If nN, and x1, x2, x3, --------xm C, then

(x1 + x2 + x3 + ---------+xm)n  = ?     n! / (n1!  n2! ---nm!)  x1n1, x2n2 ….xmnm

Where n1, n2, n3 --------, nm are non-negative integers, satisfying the condition

n1 + n2 + -----------+nm = n

Note: The coefficient of x1n1. x2n2. ---------xmnm in the expansion of

(x1 + x2 + x3 + ------------------- + xm)n is :

= n! / (n1! x n2! ---nm!)

So, general-term in (a+b+c+d)n =   n! / (p! x q! x r! x s!). ap.bq.cr.ds.      

Where p+q+r+s = n, and p, q, r, s W.

(2)  Number of terms in (x1 + x2 + x3 + --------- + xm)n :       n+m-1Cm-1.

Ex.: Find the number of terms in the expansion of (2x – 3y + 4z)100

Sol.: Number of terms =    100+3-1C3-1 = 102C2

                                                =      102 ! / (2! X 100!)

                                                = (102 x 101) / (2 x 1) = 5151

General term of a multinomial – theorem :

Tr+1  =                          n! / (n1! x n2! ---nm!)   x1n1. x2n2 -----------xmnm

EXAMPLES

Q1.      Find the coefficient of x3 y4 z2 in the expansion of (2x – 3y + 4z)9.

Sol. General Term in (2x – 3y + 4z)9

 =            9! / (n1! X n2! X n3!). (2x)n1.  (-3y)n2.  (4z)n3

 =            9! / (n1! X n2! X n3!).  2n1 (-3)n2. (4)n3. xn1. yn2. zn3

Putting n1 = 3,  n2 =  4,  n3  = 2 :

  =             9! / (3! x 4! x 2!).     23 (-3)4. (4)2. x3 y4 z2

  = [ 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4!/ (3.2.1. 4!.2)] x 8 x 81 x 16     x3 y4 z2

Coefficient  of x3 y4 z2  =  9 x 8 x 7 x 5 x 8 x 81 x 8

= 13063600

Greatest coefficient in the expansion of (x1 + x2 + -------- + xm)n is

=    n! / (q!) m-r ( q+1!) r

                         

Where ‘q’ is the quotient and ‘r’ is the remainder, when ‘n’ is divided by ‘m’.

Ex.: Find the greatest coefficient in the expansion of (a + b + c + d) 15.

Sol.: Here n = 15,  m = 4

15/4 is quotient 3 and remainder 3.                     

since q  =  3  and   r  =  3

Hence greatest – coefficient =        15! / [(3!) 4-3 x (3+1!)3]

=         15! / [(3!) x (4!)3 ]

=          15! / (3! x 4! x 4! x 4!)

Ex.: Find the coefficient of x7 in the expansion of (1+3x-2x3)10.

Sol.:    General term in (1+3x-2x3)10

=         10! / (n1! x n2! x n3!). (1)n1  (3x)n2    (-2x3)n3

=         10! / (n1! x n2! x n3!).   3n2    (-2)n3  xn2+3n3

Where n1 + n2 + n3 = 10 --------------> (i)

For coefficient of x7  :  n2 + 3n3 = 7 -------------> (ii)

From (ii), possible non-negative integral values of ‘n2’  and ‘n3’ are :

            n2  = 7,  n3  = o           since from (i) :      n1 = 3

            n2  = 1,  n3 = 2            since from(i) :       n1 = 7

or         n2 = 4,   n3 = 1            since from (i):       n1 = 5

So required coefficient of x7 :         

10! / (3! x 7! x 0!) . (3)7 (-2)0      +   10! / (7! x 1! x 2!). (3)1(-2)2      +   10! /(5! x 4! x 1!). 34 (-2)1

(10. 9. 8  7!) / (7!.3.2.1).37  + (10. 9. 8. 7!) / (7! . 2) x 3 x 4       -     [(10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5! ) / (5!. 4.3.2.1.)] .3.  2.

=  10 x 9 x 4 x 36 + 10 x 9 x 4 x 3 x 4 – 10 x 9 x 7 x 6 x 33 x 2

= 10 x 9 x 4 (36 + 12 – 7 x 34)

=  360 x (729 + 12 – 567)

= 62640

Some tips on the solution of binomial – coefficients:

(1) If the difference of the lower suffixes of binomial coefficients in each term is same.

For  Ex.:  C1 C3 + C2 C4 + C3 C5 + ------ etc.

Then :

Case -1 : If each term is positive, then

(1+x)n  =  C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ------------ Cn xn -----------------> (i)

Interchanging ‘1’ and ‘x’:

 (x+1)n = C0 xn + C1 xn-1 + C2 xn-2 + --------- + Cn ------------->(ii)

Then multiplying (i) and (ii), and equate the coefficient to suitable power of ‘x’ on both sides.

Case –II : If terms are alternately positive and negative

Then:

(1-x)n   = C0 – C1 x + C2 x2 - -------------- + (-1)n  Cn xn ---------------> (1)

and      (x+1)n  = C0 xn + C1 xn-1 + C2 xn-2 + ---------- + Cn -------------> (2)

The multiplying (1) and (2), and equate the coefficient of suitable power of ‘x’ on both sides.

Note : [ (Odd – number) / 2] =  8

 (2)      If the sum of the lower suffixes of binomial – coefficients in each term is same.

For Ex.: C0 Cn + C1 Cn-1 + C2. Cn-2 + ------- + Cn C0

Then:

Case – 1 : If each term is positive, then

(1+x)n  = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 - -------------- + Cn xn ---------------> (1)

and      (1+x)n  = C0 xn + C1 x + C2 x2 + ---------- + Cn xn-------------> (2)

Then multiplying (i) and (ii), and equate the coefficient of suitable power of ‘x’ on both sides.

Case –II : If terms are alternately positive and negative,

The      (1+x)n  = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 - -------------- + Cn xn ---------------> (1)

and      (1-x)n   = C0 - C1 x + C2 x2 + ---------- + (-1)n Cn xn-------------> (2)

Then multiplying (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient of suitable power of ‘x’ on both side.

PROBLEMS

(1)       Show that the middle – term in the expansion of (1+x)2n is

                        1. 3. 5 ------- (2n-1) / (n!)  . 2n xn, ‘n’ being a positive integer.

Sol.:    The no. of terms in (1+x)2n                =          2n+1 (odd).

            It’s ,middle-term = (2n  + 1) / 2         =          (n+1)th term.

Tn+1            =    2nCn xn

                        =    2n! / (n! x n!).  xn

                       =   2n (2n-1) ------ 4.3.2.1 / (n! x n!).  xn

                        =  [{(2n-1) (2n-3)  ----- 3.1.}  { 2n (2n-2) ------ 4.2.}] / (n! x n!). xn

                        =  [{1. 3. 5. ---- (2n-1)} 2n {1.2 ---- n}] / (n! x n!) . xn

                        =  [{1.3.5----(2n-1)}. 2n] / (n! x n!).  xn

                        =  Tn+1     =      1. 3. 5 – (2n-1) / (n!).   2n xn

 (2)      Find the term independent of ‘x’ in the expansion of

 (i)        (1+x+2x3)    [(3 x2 / 2) –  (1/3x)] 9

           

(ii)        [( x1/3 / 2) + x-1/58

Sol.: (i)            (1+x+2x3)  [(3/2)x2  -  (1/3x)] 9

=          (1+x+2x3) { [(3/2)x2] 99C1 [(3/2)x2 ]   8  1/3x  +  ---------- +       

+ 9C6 [(3/2)x2] 3 (1/3x)6  - 9C7 [(3/2)x2]  2 (1/3x)7 ---}

=          (1+x+2x3) { [(3/2)x2 ] 99C1 (37 / 28)x15 + ---- +  9C6 (1 x 1 / 23 x 33) – 9C7 1/ (22 x 35) 1/ x3  + ----}                                                      

Term independent of ‘x’ :

            9C6 x   1/ (23 x 33)      -   9C7      2 / (22 x 35)  

=              9! / (6! x 3!) . 1/ (8 x 27)   -  9!/(7! x 2!) .   1/ (2 x 243)

=          (9. 8. 7.  6!) / ( 6!. 3. 2. 1.) x 1/(8. 27) -   (9. 8. 7!) / (7! . 2).  1/ (2.243)

=          7 / 18             -           2 / 27             =          17 / 54

(ii)          [(1 / 2)  x1/3  + x-1/5] 8

           

Sol.:    General Term Tr+1     = nCr [(1/2) x1/3] n-r. (x-1/5)  r

                                                               n-r      -r

                                    = nCr [(1/2) n-r] x 3   x  5

Here        n      =   8                      

                                    = 8Cr (1/2) 8-r   x (8-r)/3    -r/5

                                                              40 -8r     

            Tr+1                  = 8Cr (1/2)  8-r  x  15    ---------------> (i)

                 

Putting  (40 – 8r) / 15            = 0, we have  r = 5

From (i), Term independent of ‘x’ :

            T6  =  8C5 (1/2) 8-5

            =       8! / (5! X 3!) .  1 / 23

=          (8. 7. 6.  !5) / (5!. 3.2.1) . 1 / 8

=          T6   =   7

(3)       Find the coefficient of ‘x’ in the expansion of (1-2x3 + x5) [1 + (1/x)]8

Sol.:    (1-2x3 + 3x5)  [1 + (1/x)]   8

                                          

 = (1-2x3 + 3x5) [1 + 8C1 (1/x) + 8C2   (1/ x2) + 8C3 (1/ x3 ) + 8C4 (1/ x4)+ 8C5 (1/ x5 )+ --- + 8C8 (1/ x8)

coefficient of x           =  -2.  8C2 + 3 8C4

                                    = -2.  8! / (2! x 6!) +  3.  8! / (4! x 4!)

                        = -2.   (8. 7) / 2      +  3      (8. 7. 6. 5.) / (4.3.2.1)

                        =  -56 + 210

                        = 154

(4)       Prove that the ration of the coefficient of x10 in (1-x2)10 and the term independent of ‘x’ in [x – (2/x)] 10 is 1 : 32.

Sol.:    In (1-x)2  : Tr+1   =  10Cr (-1)r (x2)r

            Putting  r   =  5

                        T6   =  -10C5 x10

Coefficient of x10  = -10C5

In [x – (2/x)] : Tr+1  =  10Cr (-1)r (x)10-r (2/x)r

            = (-1)r 10Cr. 2r. x10-2r

Putting 10 – 2r  = 0

              r   =   5

So term independent of x : T6          = (-1)5 10C5. 25

            Hence their ratio        = (-10C5) : (-32. 10C5)

                                                =  1  :  32

(6)       If third term in the expansion of (x + x logx)5 is 10,00,000. Find the value of ‘x’.

Sol.:    Putting log10x  =  z in the given expression :

            We have :

                                    ( x + xz)5

            T3  =  T2+1       =  5C2 (x)5-2   (xz)2

                                    =  5C2 x3. x2z

                                    =        5! / (2! x 3!) x2z+3

                                   

                                    =     (5 x 4) / 2! x2z+3

                                    = T3 = 10x2z+3

                                    10,00,000 = 10. x2z+3

                                    Or x2z+3  =  105

                                    (10z)2z+3   =  105

                                    or  102z2+3z   =  105

                                    2z2 + 3z  =  5

                                    [Log10x  =   z]

                        or 2z2 + 3z – 5 = 0

           

                        or (z-1) (2z+5)  =  0

                   z  =  1,  -  5 / 2

                                   

                        or log10x =  1  or  log10x      =  -  5 / 2

                                   

since x  =  10   or  10-5/2

 (7)      If in the expansion of (1+x)m  (1-x)n,  the coefficients of ‘x’ and ‘x2’ are ‘3’ and ‘-6’ res. Find the value of ‘m’.

Sol.:  (1+x)m  (1-x)n   =  [mC0 + mC1x + mC2x2 + ---- +  mCm xm]

                                                            [nConC1x + nC2x2 + ------- +  (-1)n nCnxn]

Coefficient of x  =  mC1 x nComC0. nC1

                        =        m! / ( 1! x m-1!)   x 1 – 1 x n! / (1! x n-1!)

                       

                        =  m – n = 3 ---------------> (i)

Coefficient of x2         =  -mC1 x nC1 +nC0 x mC2 + mC0 x nC2

                                    =   -     m!/ (1! x m-1!) x n! / (1! x n-1!)+ 1 x m! / (2! x m-2!)      + 1 x n! / (2! x n-2!)

                                    = -mn + m (m-1) / 2  +    n(n-1) / 2   =  -6

or – 2mn + m(m-1) + n(n-1)  =  -12

or -2mn + m2 – m + n2 – n = 12

or (m-n)2 – (m+n) = -12

From  (i), putting the value of (m-n) :

                        - 9 + (m + n) = 12

                        or m + n  =  21 -----------> (ii)

egn (i) + egn(ii)  =  2m  =  24

           

m  =  12

Q8.      If the coefficients of (2r + 1)th term and (r + 2)th term in the expansion of (1 + x)43 are equal, find ‘r’.

Sol.:  In (1 + x)43  :  T2r+1  =  43C2r.  x2r

                                    Coefficient  =  43C2r

            And Tr+2          = 43Cr+1  xr+1

                                    Coefficient = 43Cr

According to the questions:

                        43C2r  =  43Cr+1

                        2r + r + 1 = 43

                        or 3r = 42

                        r  =  14

           

Q9.      If the coefficient of ‘4’th and ‘13’th terms in the expansion of  [x2 +  (1/x)] n be equal, then find the term which independent of ‘x’.                                     

Sol.: T4  = T3+1   =  nC3 (x2)n-3.     1/ x3

                                                       

                        Coefficient =  nC3

            T13  =  T12+1  =  nC12 (x2)n-12   1 / x12

                                   

                        Coefficient = nC12

According to the question:

                        nC3  =  nC12

                        n  =  12 + 3

                        n  =  15

           

  Expansion =  [x2  + (1/x)]15

Now Tr+1  =  15Cr. (x2)15-r.  1/ xr

                                            

            Tr+1  =  15Cr. x30-3r  -------------> (i)

Putting :

            30 – 3r  =  0

              r     =  10

From (i) T11  =  15C10   =      15!/(10! x 5!)  = (15 x 14 x 13 x 12 x 11) / (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1)

                                    =  3003.

Q10.    In the expansion of (a – b)n, n <= 5, if the sum of the 5th and 6th terms is zero. Find ( a / b)  in terms of ‘n’.

Sol.:  T5  =  T4+1   =  nC4 (a)n-4 (-b)4

                        T5  =  nC4 an-4 b4

                        T6  =  T5+1  =  nC5 (a)n-5 (-b)5  =  -nC5 an-5 b5

                        T5 + T6  =  0

                        nC4 an-4 b4nC5 an-5 b5  =  0

                        or  nC4 an-4 b4  =  nC5 an-5 b5

            or               n!/(4! x n-4!) an-4  =           n!/(5! x n-5!)  an-5 b

           

            or             an-4 / (n-4)(n-5!)    =               an-5 / 5(n-5!) b

            or              an-4 / an-5                  =        b / 5 (n-4)

            or         a(n-4)-(n-5)           =          (n – 4) / 5  .b

                                                             

            or         a          =          (n – 4)/5 . b

            or      a/b         =   (n – 4) / 5

        

Q11.    Find the coefficient of xr  in the expansion of   [x + (1/x)] n, if it occurs.

Sol.:    General term : Tp+1  =  nCp (x)n-p  (1/x) p

                                               

                        Tp+1  =  nCp xn-2p  ---------------> (i)

            Putting  n-2p  =  r

                        p   =       (n  -  r) / 2

From: (i)         T (n-r) / 2  +1   =  nC(n-r) / 2 xr

                        Coefficient of xr  =  nC (n – r) / 2

                                   

Q12.:   Prove that the coefficient of the term independent of ‘y’ in the expansion of

                      [(y + 1)/( y 2/3 – y1/3 + 1) -       (y – 1) / (y – y1/2)]10  is 210.

           

Sol.:    We have        (y + 1) / (y 2/3 – y1/3 + 1)

                            

            Putting y  =  t3, we have

=            (t3 + 13) / (t2 – t + 1) =        (t + 1) (t2 – t + 1) / (t2 – t + 1)

                                                               

=          t + 1    

      (y + 1) / (y2/3 – y1/3 + 1)                =          y1/3 + 1

and Putting y  =  a2  in     (y – 1) / (y – y1/2 ) :

                       

                        =     (a2 – 1) / (a2 – a) =   (a+1) (a-1) / [a (a-1)]

                        =  (a + 1) / a   =  1  +  1 / a

    (y – 1) / (y – y1/2) =  1 +  1 /vy

                       

    (y + 1) / (y2/3 – y1/3 +1)  -   (y – 1) / (y – y1/2)]10 =    [y1/3 + 1 – 1 –   (1/ y1/2)]   10

                                                = (y1/3 – y-1/2 )10

In ( y1/3 – y-1/2)10,

                        Tr+1      = 10Cr (y1/3)10-r. (-y-1/2)r

                                       

            =          (-1)r 10Cr. (10-r) / 3   -  r/2

                                          

Tr+1      =          (-1)r 10Cr. y(20-5r) / 6

Putting            (20 – 5r) / 6 = 0

            or     r = 4

Putting this value in (1)  T5  =  (-1)4  10C4

                                                =    10!/ (6! x 4!)    =    (10 x 9 x 8 x 7) / (4 x 3 x 2 x 1)

                                    T5        =  210

Q13:    x4-r occurs in the expansion of [x + (1/ x2)] 4n, prove that its coefficients is:

           

                        = (4n!) /[ (4/3)n-r]! x [(4/3)(2n+r)]!

Sol.:    In   [x + (1/x2)]4n, Tp+1   =  4nC(x)4n-p (1/ x2)p

            Tp+1  =  4nCp  x4n-3p  ----------> (i)

Putting :

                        4n – 3p    =  4r

            or         4 ( n-r ) / 3     = p

From (i)          Tp+1     =   4nC4(n-r) / 4. x4r

Coefficient of x4r        =  4nC4 (n-r) / 3

                                    = (4n!) / [(4/3)n-r]! x [(4n/1) – 4(n-r)/3]!

                                    = (4n!) / [(4/3)n-r]! x [(4/3) 2(n+r)]!   

           

Q14.    Find the coefficient of x50 in (1+x)41 (1-x+x2)40.

Sol.:    (1+x)41 (1-x+x2)40       = (1+x) (1+x)40 (1-x+x2)40

                                                = (1+x) [ (1+x) ( 1-x + x2)]40

                                                = (1+x) (1+x3)40

General Term = Tr+1              = (1+x) [40Cr (x3)r]

                                                = 40Cr (1+x) x3r

                                                = 40Cr (x3r + x3r + 1)

Here either 3r = 50  or 3r+1  =  50

           r   =  (50 / 3)  or  (49 / 3)

The value of ‘r’ is a fraction, so it doesn’t contain the term x50. So coefficient of x50 is ‘0’.

Q15.:   Show that that the term independent of ‘x’ in the expansion of

            [x  +  (1/x)]  2n  is     [1. 3. 5.  ---- (2n-1) / (n!)] 2n

                                   

Sol.:    General Term Tr+1     = 2nCr (x)2n-r  (1/x) r

                                                = 2nCr.  x2n-2r ---------> (i)

            Here 2n – 2r  =  0

                        or    n  =  r

From (i)          Tr+1    = 2nCn

                                    =       2n! / (n! x n!)

                                    = [2n (2n-1 ) ------ 3. 2. 1] /  ( n! x n!)

                                    = { 2n (2n-2)  ---- 4. 2 } { (2n-1) (2n-3) ----- 3.1.} / (n! x n!)

                                    = [2n {n (n-1)  -----2.1.}]  { (2n-1) ------- 4.3.1.} / (n! x n!)

                                    = 2n.  n!{(2n-1) ---- 5. 3. 1. / (n! x n!)

                                   

                                    = {1. 3. 5. ----- (2n -1)} 2n / n!

                                                   

Q16.    The 3rd, 4th and 5th terms in the expansion of (x+a)n are respectively ‘84’, ‘280’ and ‘560’, find the value of ‘x’, ‘a’ and ‘n’.

Sol.:    Tr+1  = nCr  xn-r. ar

            Putting r  =  2, 3 and 4 respectively

            T3 = nC2 xn-2. a2          = 84 ------------>(i)

            T4 = nC3 xn-3 a3           = 280---------->(ii)

and      T5 = nC4 xn-4 a4           = 560 -------->(iii)

egn (i) x egn(iii) : [nC2 xn-2 a2] [nC4 xn-4 a4]      =  84 x 560

                        =       n!/[2! x (n-2)!]   x  n! / [4! x (n-4)!] . x2n-6 a6  =  84 x 560

                       

            or n (n-1) / 2   x  n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) / 4! x   x2n-6 a6    =  84 x 560 -------> (iv)

Squaring of egn (ii), we have :

            (nC3  x n-3 a3)2    =  2802

     nC3  x nC3  x x2n-6  x  a6       =  2802

            =                   n! / [3! x (n-3)!] x n! / [3! x (n-3)!] x  x2n-6 a6  =  2802

            or n (n-1)(n-2) / 6   x  n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) / 3! x   x2n-6 a6    =  280 x 280 -------> (v)

egn (v) egn(iv) :

n2 (n-1)2 (n-2)2 / (6 x 3!) x  2 x  4! / [n2(n-1)2 (n-2)(n-3)] = (280 x 280) / (84 x 560)

or         4 (n-2) / 3 (n-3) =        5 / 3

or         4n – 8  =  5n – 15

n  =  7

Putting this value in (i), (ii) and (iii) :

            7C2 x5 a2         =             84 ---------------> (vi)

            7C3 x4 a3         =          280 ---------------->(vii)

            7C4 x3 a4         =          560----------------->(viii)

egn (vii) egn(vi):

            (7C3 x4 a3) / (7C2 x5 a2)          =          280 / 84

           

[7! / (3! x 4!)a] / [7! / (2! x 5!)x] = 10 / 3                                

            or                     7! / (3! x 4!)   x (2! x 5!) / 7! x  a / x     =      10 / 3

                       

            or                     5 / 3     x  a / x =          10 / 3

or         a          =   2x

           

Putting this value in egn (vi):

            7C2. x5. 4x2   = 84

or         7! / (2! x 5!)x7  =          21

       (7  x  63) / 2 x7            =          21

x7   =     1

x  =  1

Putting this value in (ix)  =   a  =  2

Q17. Let ‘n’ be a positive integer. If the coefficients of second, third and fourth terms in (1+x)2 are in arithmetic progression, then find the value of ‘n’.

Sol:     General Term : Tr+1 = nCr  xr

            2nd Term : T2 = nC1 x

                        Coefficient  =  nC1

            3rd Term :  T3 = nC2 x2

                        Coefficient  =  nC2

           

            Similarly coefficient of 4th term  = nC3

            These are in A. P., so.

            2 nC2 = nC1   +  nC3

     2 [n! / {2! x (n-2)!}]            =        n! / {1! x (n-1!)} + n! / {3! x (n-3!)}

or         n! / (n-2!)         =     n! [1 / (n-1!)  + 1 / {6 (n-3!}]

or         1/ [(n-3) x (n-3!)   = 1 / [(n-1)x (n-2) x(n – 3!)]  +1/ [6! (n-3!)] )

or         1 / (n – 2) - 1 / [(n-1) (n-2)]    =          1 / 6

                                   

or         (n – 1 – 1) / [(n-1) (n-2)]         =          1 / 6

                                   

or           (n- 2) / [(n-1) (n-2)] =           1 / 6

or         n – 1     =   6

n  =  7

Q18.    The 6th term in the expansion of [(1/ x8/3) + x2 log10x]8 is 5600. Prove that x =10. 

Sol.:    T6 = T5+1         =          8C5 (1/ x8/3) 8-5  (  x2 log10x )  5

                                                       

or  8C5 x (1 / x8)   x     c10 x  (log10x)5 =     5600

               

      8! / (5! x 3!) x    c2 (log10x)5   = 5600

   8. 7. 6. / 6 x    c2 (log10x)5   = 5600

or x2(log10x)5   = 100 = 102

Clearly    x = 10 satisfied as log1010  =  1.

If  x  > 10   or  <  10, the result will change in inequality.

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