{"id":325,"date":"2024-04-02T07:19:09","date_gmt":"2024-04-02T06:19:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tutors4you.com\/?page_id=325"},"modified":"2024-04-02T07:19:09","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T06:19:09","slug":"basic-principles-of-organic-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tutors4you.com\/index.php\/basic-principles-of-organic-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t\t<div class=\"well well-sm\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n        <p align=\"center\"><font color=\"#FF0000\" face=\"Arial\"><b><u>Classification\n        of Organic Compounds<\/u><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n        <p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>a)\n        <\/strong><strong><u>Acyclic or open chain compounds:<\/u><\/strong><\/font><font\n        color=\"#FF0000\" face=\"Arial\"><b>&nbsp;<\/b> <\/font><font\n        color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">These contain alkanes,\n        alkenes, alkynes and their derivatives. These are also\n        called aliphatic compounds.<\/font><\/p>\n        <p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>b)\n        <\/strong><strong><u>Cyclic or closed chain compounds:<\/u><\/strong>\n        <\/font><\/p>\n        <ul>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">Cyclic compounds whose rings are\n                made up of only one kind of atoms, i.e. carbon\n                atoms are called <strong>homocyclic or cabocyclic\n                compounds. <\/strong>Aliphatic cyclic compounds\n                are called <strong>alicyclic compounds<\/strong>\n                eg cyclopropane, cyclobutane etc<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chemcyclic.jpg\" width=\"450\"\n        height=\"119\"><\/p>\n        <ul>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">Organic compounds containing one or\n                more fused or isolated benzene rings and their\n                functinalized derivatives are <strong>called\n                benzenoids or aromatic compounds<\/strong>, eg\n                benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracene etc.<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chemaromatic.jpg\" width=\"450\"\n        height=\"118\"><\/p>\n        <ul>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">Cyclic compounds containing one or\n                more heteroatoms (usually O,N, S etc) are called\n                hetrocyclic compounds eg ethylene oxide,\n                tetrahydrofuran (THF), furan, pyrole etc<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <p align=\"center\"><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"\n        src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chemheterocyclic.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"118\"><\/font><\/p>\n        <p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#FF0000\" face=\"Arial\"><strong><u>IUPAC\n        Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:<\/u><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n        <p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>a)\n        Nomenclature of saturated hydrocarbons:<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n        <ul>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">Select the longest continuous chain\n                of carbon atoms in the molecule. The compound is\n                named as a derivative of this alkane<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">Number the carbon atoms in the\n                parent chain starting from the end which gives\n                lowest possible sum for the numbers of the carbon\n                atoms carrying the substituents<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">That set of locants is preferred,\n                which when compared term by term with other set\n                of locants, each in order of increasing\n                magnitude, has the lowest term at the first point\n                of difference. For example the set of locants\n                (2,7,8) is preferred over the set of locants\n                (3,4,9) since 2 comes before 3 even though the\n                sum of locants in the former case is 17 while in\n                the latter case, it is 16<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <p align=\"center\"><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"\n        src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/chemnomenclature.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"76\"><\/font><\/p>\n        <ul>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">The correct name is: 2,7,8 &#8211;\n                Trimethyldecane and not 3,4,9 &#8211; Trimethyldecane<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>b)\n        Nomenclature of compounds containing functional group or\n        multiple bonds:<\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n        <ul>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">Select the longest continuous chain\n                containing the carbon atoms having the functional\n                group or those involved in the multiple bonds<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">The numbering of atoms in the parent\n                chain is done in such a way that the carbon atom\n                bearing the functional group or those carrying\n                the multiple bond gets the lowest possible number<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">While writing the name of alkene\n                (double bond) or alkyne (triple bond), the\n                primary suffix &#8216;ane&#8217; of the corresponding alkane\n                is replaced by &#8216;ene&#8217; and &#8216;yne&#8217; respectively.\n                However, if the multiple bond occurs twice or\n                thrice in the parent chain, the prefix di- or\n                tri- is attached to the primary suffix ene or yne<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n            <li><p align=\"left\"><font color=\"#004080\"\n                face=\"Arial\">In naming the organic compounds\n                containing one functional group a suffix known as\n                secondary suffix is added to the primary suffix\n                (giving number of carbon atoms in the chain) to\n                indicate the nature of the functional group. A\n                few important secondary suffixes are:<\/font><\/p>\n            <\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\" bordercolor=\"#000000\">\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Functional\n                group<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Secondary\n                suffix<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Functional\n                group<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Secondary\n                suffix<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Alcohols\n                (-OH)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-ol<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Aldehydes\n                (-CHO)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-al<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Ketones\n                (&gt;C=O)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-one<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Carboxylic\n                acids (-COOH)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-oic\n                acid<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Amines\n                (-NH<sub>2 <\/sub>)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-amine<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Acid\n                amides (-CONH<sub>2 <\/sub>)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-amide<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Acid\n                chlorides (-COCL)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-oyl\n                chloride<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Esters\n                (-COOR)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-oate<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Nitrites\n                (-C<sup><u>=<\/u><\/sup>N)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-nitrite<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">Thioalcohols\n                (-SH)<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" size=\"2\" face=\"Arial\">-thiol<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/table>\n        <p><font color=\"#FF0000\" face=\"Arial\"><strong><u>Nomenclature\n        of compounds having polyfunctional groups:<\/u><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n        <p><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">When an organic\n        compound contains two or more functional groups, one\n        group is called the principal functional group while the\n        others are called the secondary functional groups and are\n        treated as substituents: The order of preference for\n        principal group is: Carboxylic acid &gt; acid anhydrides\n        &gt; esters &gt; acid halides &gt; amides &gt; nitrites\n        &gt; aldehydes &gt; ketone &gt; alcohols &gt; amines &gt;\n        double bond &gt; triple bond<\/font><\/p>\n        <p><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">When the functional\n        groups act as substituents, they ar named as:<\/font><\/p>\n        <table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"10\">\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Functional\n                group<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Prefix<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Functional\n                group<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>Prefix<\/strong><\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">&#8211; COOH<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Carboxy<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-CHO<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Formyl<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-COOR<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Alkoxy\n                cabonyl or Carbalkoxy<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">&gt;CO<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Oxo or\n                Kelo<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-COCL<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Chloroformyl<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-OH<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Hydroxy<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-CONH<sub>2<\/sub>\n                <\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Carbamoyl<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-SH<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Mecaplo<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-CN<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Cyano<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-NH<sub>2<\/sub>\n                <\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Amino<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-OR<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Akoxy<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">=NH<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Imino<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-X<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Halo<\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">-NO<sub>2<\/sub>\n                <\/font><\/td>\n                <td><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\">Nitro<\/font><\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n        <\/table>\n        <p><font color=\"#FF0000\" face=\"Arial\"><strong><u>Nomenclature\n        of simple aromatic compounds:<\/u><\/strong><\/font><\/p>\n        <p><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>a) Nuclear\n        substituted: <\/strong>In these the functional group is\n        directly attached to the benzene ring. Most of these\n        compounds are better known by their common and historical\n        names. In the IUPAC system, they are named as derivatives\n        of benzene.<\/font><\/p>\n        <p><font color=\"#004080\" face=\"Arial\"><strong>b) Side\n        chain substituted: <\/strong>In these the functional group\n        is present in the side chain of the benzene ring. Both in\n        the common and IUPAC systems, these are usually named as\n        phenyl derivatives of the corresponding aliphatic\n        compounds. <\/font><\/p>\n       \t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Classification of Organic Compounds a) Acyclic or open chain compounds:&nbsp; These contain alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their derivatives. These are also called aliphatic compounds. b) Cyclic or closed chain compounds: Cyclic compounds whose rings are made up of only one kind of atoms, i.e. carbon atoms are called homocyclic or cabocyclic compounds. Aliphatic cyclic compounds [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-325","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry - Tutors 4 You<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tutors4you.com\/index.php\/basic-principles-of-organic-chemistry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry - Tutors 4 You\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Classification of Organic Compounds a) Acyclic or open chain compounds:&nbsp; These contain alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their derivatives. 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