{"id":331,"date":"2024-04-02T07:21:20","date_gmt":"2024-04-02T06:21:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tutors4you.com\/?page_id=331"},"modified":"2024-04-02T07:21:20","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T06:21:20","slug":"glycolysis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tutors4you.com\/index.php\/glycolysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Glycolysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"well well-sm\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<p>Glycos = sugar : lysis = splitting of sugar<\/p>\n\t    <ul>\n\t      <li> It is a reductive process that occurs in cytosol of all living cells (prokaryotes and\n\t        eukaryotes).<\/li>\n\t      <li>Common in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.<\/li>\n\t      <li>Basically it is an anaerobic pathway.<\/li>\n\t      <li> It is an enzymatic, 10 stepped reductive process . Respiratory substrates are \n\t        reduced to form Pyruvic Acid with the production of ATP and (NADH2 ).<\/li>\n\t      <li> Glycolysis yields only 5% of total ATP in respiration .<\/li>\n\t      <li>Anaerobic glycolysis was the first process to occur during the origin of life.<\/li>\n\t      <li> All the reaction of glycolysis are readily reversible except (step No. 1) for the \n\t        one catalysed by hexokinase.<\/li>\n\t      <li>Nearly all glycolytic enzymes require Mg ++ as co-factor for their activity.<\/li>\n\t      <li>There is no decarboxylation in Glucolysis.<\/li>\n\t      <\/ul>\n\t   <h3> Mechanism of Glycolysis<\/h3>\n\t    <ol>\n\t      <li>All steps of glycolysis occur in the cytoplasm of a cell.<\/li>\n\t      <li>The first half of this pathway activates glucose.<\/li>\n\t      <li>The second half actually extracts the energy.<\/li>\n\t      <\/ol>\n\t    <h4>Glucose activation<\/h4>\n\t    <ul>\n\t      <li>First step of glycolysis is phosphorylation of hexose sugar in which glucose \/\n\t        fructose is phosphorylated at 1 and 3 by using two ATP to form Fructose 1, 6\n\t        biphosphate.<\/li>\n\t      <li>This compound is split in step 4 by aldolase forming two compounds of 3-C<\/li>\n\t      <li> Dihydroxyacelone phosphate (DHAP) are tautomers and exist in dynamic \n\t        equilibrium. DHAP is isomerised into PGAL.<\/li>\n\t      <li>\n\t        d) This PGAL acts as connecting link between respiration and photosynthesis.<\/li>\n\t      <\/ul>\n\t    <h4>Energy Extraction<\/h4>\n\t    <ul>\n\t      <li>Each molecule of PGAL is oxidised into 1, 3-Biphosphoglyceric Acid by utilising\n\t        h4PO4 and H2O .<\/li>\n\t      <li> In glycolysis oxidation of PGAL occurs by removal of 2 Hydrogen atoms .<\/li>\n\t      <li> No free oxygen is used. <\/li>\n\t      <li>These two hydrogen atoms dissociate into 2 protons and 2 electrons. <\/li>\n\t      <li>Of these 2 H atoms , one complete hydrogen atom and one extra electron of \n\t        another H atom is picked up by NAD+ and get reduced to form NADH, remaining \n\t        (H+) protons free in cytoplasm.\n\t        2H &#8212;&#8211;&gt; 2H+ + 2e- \n\t        NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- &#8212;-&gt; NADH + H+<\/li>\n\t      <li>This NADH is a high energy substance and called REDUCING POWER. <\/li>\n\t      <li>Dephosphorylation (step 7) to form 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) in presence of \n\t        phosphoglyceric kinase and cofactors Mg++ <\/li>\n\t      <li>ATP is produced at step 7 by substrate phosphorylation i.e. direct synthesis of \n\t        ATP without ETS.<\/li>\n\t      <li> In step No. 8 intramolecular arrangement of phosphate group takes place. <\/li>\n\t      <li>2 PGA undergoes dehydration in presence of enolase and cofactor Mg++ .<\/li>\n\t      <li> Finally PEP forms pyruvic acid after donating its phosphate group to ADP to form\n\t        ATP.<\/li>\n\t      <\/ul>\n\t    <h3>Significance of Glucolysis<\/h3>\n\t  <p>It degrades glucose to generate ATP .\n\t    b) It provides building blocks for the synthesis of cellular compounds.<\/p>\n\t  <h2>Summary of Glycolysis<\/h2>\n\t  <ol>\n\t    <li>In this process one molecule of hexose sugar is split to form two molecules of \n\t      a 3c compound , pyruvic acid. <\/li>\n\t    <li>4 ATP molecules are produced and 2 molecules are consumed and therefore net gain is 2 ATP . <\/li>\n\t    <li>2 mol. of NADH+2H+ (reducing power) at step No. 6 when PGAL is oxidised\n\t      to 1, 3-biphosphoglyceric acid. <\/li>\n\t    <li> 4 mol. of H2O are formed. <\/li>\n\t    <li>If oxygen is available, these 2 mol. of NADH+2H+ enter the mitochondria and\n\t      oxidised through ETS to form 6 ATP . Thus aerobic glucolysis can produce,\n\t      2+6=8 ATP.<\/li>\n\t    <\/ol>\n\t  <p>So acrobic glycolysis is four times more effecient than anaerobic glycolysis\t    <\/p>\n\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Glycos = sugar : lysis = splitting of sugar It is a reductive process that occurs in cytosol of all living cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes). Common in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Basically it is an anaerobic pathway. It is an enzymatic, 10 stepped reductive process . Respiratory substrates are reduced to form Pyruvic Acid [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-331","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Glycolysis - Tutors 4 You<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tutors4you.com\/index.php\/glycolysis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Glycolysis - Tutors 4 You\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Glycos = sugar : lysis = splitting of sugar It is a reductive process that occurs in cytosol of all living cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes). 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